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 Semester 1: Foundations of Oceanography
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 Subject 1: Introduction to Oceanography
 
 
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 Overview of ocean basins, their formation, and geological features.
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 Chemical composition of seawater: salinity, pH, and dissolved gases.
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 Physical properties of seawater: temperature, density, and pressure.
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 Ocean currents: surface and deep ocean circulation patterns.
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 Subject 2: Marine Biology
 
 
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 Introduction to marine ecosystems: coral reefs, mangroves, estuaries, and deep-sea environments.
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 Marine biodiversity: plankton, nekton, and benthos.
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 Adaptations of marine organisms to their environment.
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 Ecological interactions in marine communities: food webs and trophic levels.
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 Subject 3: Marine Chemistry
 
 
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 Chemical equilibrium in seawater.
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 Nutrient cycles: nitrogen, phosphorus, and silicon.
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 Trace metals in seawater: sources, distribution, and biogeochemical cycling.
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 Organic matter in the ocean: production, degradation, and preservation.
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 Subject 4: Marine Geology
 
 
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 Plate tectonics and ocean basin evolution.
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 Sedimentation processes in the marine environment.
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 Seafloor morphology and features: mid-ocean ridges, trenches, and seamounts.
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 Marine mineral resources: polymetallic nodules, hydrothermal vents, and gas hydrates.
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<h3 style="color: #2a4978; font-family: poppins; font-weight: 600">
 Semester 2: Dynamic Ocean and Coastal Processes
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 Subject 1: Physical Oceanography
 
 
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 Ocean waves: generation, propagation, and dissipation.
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 Tides: astronomical forcing, tidal currents, and coastal impacts.
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 Coastal processes: erosion, accretion, and sediment transport.
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 Air-sea interaction: heat, momentum, and gas exchange.
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 Subject 2: Chemical Oceanography
 
 
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 Carbon cycle in the ocean: air-sea exchange, biological pump, and ocean acidification.
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 Isotope geochemistry: applications in oceanographic studies.
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 Marine pollution: sources, distribution, and impacts of pollutants.
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 Analytical techniques in marine chemistry.
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 Subject 3: Biological Oceanography
 
 
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 Primary productivity in the ocean: phytoplankton, photosynthesis, and nutrient limitation.
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 Zooplankton ecology: grazing, reproduction, and vertical migration.
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 Marine food webs: energy flow and trophic dynamics.
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 Microbial oceanography: role of microbes in marine biogeochemical cycles.
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 Subject 4: Geological Oceanography
 
 
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 Paleoceanography: reconstruction of past ocean conditions using sediment records.
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 Sea-level changes: causes, impacts, and future projections.
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 Coastal geomorphology: formation and evolution of coastal landforms.
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 Marine geophysical methods: seismic reflection, gravity, and magnetics.
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<h3 style="color: #2a4978; font-family: poppins; font-weight: 600">
 Semester 3: Advanced Oceanographic Techniques and Modeling
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 Subject 1: Oceanographic Data Analysis
 
 
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 Statistical methods for oceanographic data analysis.
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 Time series analysis: spectral analysis and filtering.
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 Spatial data analysis: mapping and interpolation techniques.
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 Remote sensing of the ocean: satellite sensors and data processing.
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 Subject 2: Numerical Modeling of the Ocean
 
 
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 Introduction to ocean models: types and applications.
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 Finite difference and finite element methods.
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 Model parameterization and validation.
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 Climate models: ocean-atmosphere coupling.
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 Subject 3: Marine Biogeochemical Modeling
 
 
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 Modeling nutrient cycles and primary productivity.
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 Carbon cycle models: ocean acidification and climate change.
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 Ecosystem models: food web dynamics and fisheries management.
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 Data assimilation techniques in biogeochemical models.
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 Subject 4: Marine Geological and Geophysical Data Interpretation
 
 
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 Seismic data processing and interpretation.
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 Gravity and magnetic data analysis.
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 Geochronology: radiometric dating methods.
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 Paleomagnetic studies: reconstruction of past plate motions.
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<h3 style="color: #2a4978; font-family: poppins; font-weight: 600">
 Semester 4: Specialization and Research
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 Subject 1: Advanced Topics in Oceanography (Choose one specialization)
 
 
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 Option A: Coastal Oceanography
 
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 Estuarine dynamics and management.
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 Coastal erosion and protection strategies.
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 Marine pollution in coastal environments.
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 Option B: Deep-Sea Oceanography
 
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 Hydrothermal vent systems and chemosynthesis.
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 Deep-sea biodiversity and ecology.
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 Abyssal plain sedimentation and processes.
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 Option C: Polar Oceanography
 
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 Sea ice dynamics and climate change.
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 Polar ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles.
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 Glacier-ocean interactions.
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 Subject 2: Research Methodology
 
 
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 Scientific writing and presentation skills.
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 Data management and archiving.
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 Ethical considerations in research.
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 Proposal writing and grant applications.
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 Subject 3 &amp; 4: Dissertation/Thesis Research
 
 
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 Independent research project under the guidance of a faculty advisor.
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 Data collection, analysis, and interpretation.
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 Preparation of a dissertation/thesis.
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 Oral defense of the research findings.
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Explore the depths with an integrated M.Sc and Ph.D in Oceanography. Study marine ecosystems, ocean currents, and geological processes. Ideal for aspiring marine scientists.

M.Sc and Ph.D Oceanography Integrated

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